Oldest and simplest societal type with nomadic life and little specialization is?

• A. Hunting and Gathering
• B. Pastoral Societies
• C. Horticultural Societies
• D. Agrarian Societies

Answer: (A)

The oldest and simplest form of society is one in which people move with the resources available, relying on wild plants and animals and performing a broad range of tasks without much specialized division of labor. In hunting-and-gathering groups, mobility is essential because food sources change with the seasons and location. Since there isn’t a reliable surplus to store, there’s little need to create or sustain highly specialized occupations, and social life tends to be more egalitarian with informal, kinship-based organization. Settlements are often temporary or small, reflecting the nomadic lifestyle.

Pastoral societies center on domesticated animals and can be nomadic or semi-nomadic, but they introduce more organization around animal care and exchange. Horticultural societies begin cultivating crops with simple tools, which supports more permanent villages and some division of labor. Agrarian societies develop intensive farming, surplus production, and clearer social hierarchies. So the description fits hunting-and-gathering best.