Which term describes the tendency to govern actions by special relations to an individual or group rather than by universal criteria?

• A. Deviation
• B. Particularistic
• C. Cultural norm
• D. Cultural trait

Answer: (B)

Guiding actions by personal ties rather than universal rules is described as particularistic. In this approach, decisions are shaped by special relationships—like kinship, friendship, or patronage—so the same standard isn’t applied to everyone. Rules exist, but who you are connected to can determine how they’re applied, leading to favoritism or biased outcomes. This emphasis on private relations distinguishes it from merely deviating from norms, or from cultural norms and traits, which operate at a group level rather than through personal connections. So the term that best fits this tendency is particularistic.