Which theory explains social inequality as the result of scarce resources and the powerful determining who fills jobs and receives rewards?

• A. Functionalist theory
• B. Conflict theory
• C. Symbolic Interactionism
• D. Social Exchange Theory

Answer: (B)

This idea centers on power and resource distribution: society is built around groups competing for limited resources, and those with power shape the rules, institutions, and rewards to maintain their advantage. This perspective, often linked to conflict between classes, shows how control over money, education, and political influence allows the powerful to determine who gets hired, promoted, and paid, while those without power face barriers to the same rewards. Inequality isn’t just a byproduct of individual choices; it’s produced and reinforced by the structure of society and the interests of those at the top.

In contrast, other theories don’t focus on power-driven distribution in the same way. Functionalist thinking tends to view social inequality as serving a purpose for the system’s stability and functioning. Symbolic interactionism looks at everyday interactions and meanings people attach to status, not the overarching power dynamics that allocate resources. Social exchange theory examines costs and benefits in individual interactions rather than broad structural inequality.